![]() The reasons underlying the rise in gonorrhoea among women remain unclear. Overall, there was an 80% increase in the notification rate of gonorrhoea (from 65.5 to 118.0 per 100 000) between 20 in the total Australian population. The rise in gonorrhoea cases has also been observed in MSM and heterosexual men. This increase has also been reported among women in other high-income countries such as England, Spain or the USA. Gonorrhoea is deemed to be uncommon among women in major Australian cities (<1% in the population) however rises have been observed in the 2010s. It is considered that the current epidemic of gonorrhoea mainly affects men, particularly gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in Australia. Further epidemiological and behavioural research is required to understand the temporal changes in sexual practices among women in Australia. Half of the cases of genital gonorrhoea among women are asymptomatic and these cases would have been missed by testing of only symptomatic women. The mean time between last sexual contact and onset of symptoms was 7.3 days and between the onset of symptoms to presentation to the clinic was 12.1 days. Almost half of the cases were asymptomatic, 47.9% yellow, green or pus-like vaginal discharge was present in 11.3% (95% CI 7.0–17.6%) and other genital symptoms in 40.8% (95% CI 33.1–49.1%) of the cases. Genital gonorrhoea was detected in 142 (1.1%) of the visits. Genitourinary specimens were obtained in 12 869 clinic visits in women aged 16 years or above between August 2017 and August 2018. Gonorrhoea cases were diagnosed by nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) and/or culture. This cross-sectional study aimed to describe the characteristics of genital gonorrhoea infection in women attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Australia. Gonorrhoea cases in women have been rising in Australia in the 2010s but the cause of the increase is not well understood.
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